实践探索

如何评价学生听力水平
湖北省鄂州市华容区华容中学 夏娟
 
 
    2003年秋,我们华容中学在全市率先承担了中学英语教学评价子课题,成为实验学校之一,为了使我们的教学更系统,更科学工作者地进行,能达到预期的目的,我校实验班英语教师所采取的教学方法是“分段定标、分级训练、分类辅导”。我们在实验班平时的教学中,教学过程遵循《中学英语教学大纲》的规定,即“通过听、说、读、写的训练,使学生获得英语基础知识和为实际初步运用英语的能力,激发学生的学习兴趣,养成良好的学习习惯,为进一步学习打好初步基础。”我们实验班的45名学生,每人都订了一本由教育部基础教育课程教材发展中心编写的《英语学习评价手册》,训练听力时,都是按照这本书的,由易到难,循序渐进的,这样老师就可以做到有的放矢。
    一、分段定标[1]
    所谓“分段定标”,即是制定明确的听力教学目标,以大纲和教材为依据,把大纲要求具体化,教材内容条目化,教学目标层次化,使学生在单位时间内,在规定的听力容量内,对教学内容所达到的期望值,分段定标是我们教师在组织听力教学时的重要依据,也是进行目标主人的标准,只有制定合理的听力目标,才能使实验班中不同层次的学生各得其所、共同进步,以避免教学中的随意性、盲目性。教师在实际操作中,要针对班里的45名不同层次的学生,根据不同内容给出明确的目标水平层次,这一点要由教师事先以档案袋的形式记录下来,建立个人档案。
    1、课堂目标
    教师每上完一个单元的内容(即4课)后, 《学习评价手册》上,都有为学生准备的A级与B级听力测试题。A级要求学生听懂,不要求学生作出相应的反应,或只要求学生作出简单的应答,B级,分辨单词,句子同义理解或判断正误,并能复述或听写。
    2、分级目标
    A级要求80%的学生能听懂,B级要求20%的学生听懂。
    3、分段定标评价表[2] 
类 别 人 数 期 望 值 能 力 目 标
差 生 10

A 级

辨析语音、词汇

中等生 25

A 级及 B 级部分

辨析音、词、义

优 生 10

A 级、 B 级

辨义及正确理解运用

    二、分级训练
    分级训练,就是根据因材施教的教学原则和语言教学规律,将全班45名学生实行“分级、分层教学训练”,其目的也是使不同层次的学生得到最大限度的提高,从而以点带面,大面积提高整体教学质量。所谓“分级、分层教学训练”,就是根据教材要求,在实验班内针对不同类型的学生的学习基础和接受能力,设计不同层次的辅导,进行不同层次的检测,从而使各类学生分别在各自的起点上选择不同的学习进度,获取数据层次不同的知识信息,也就是取得档次不同的学习效果。
    1、分级训练的作用
    根据《学习评价手册》中的要求,学生听什么,怎样听,什么是重点,如何突破难点,达到什么程度的期望值,教师在平时备课时要做到有的放矢,避免盲目性和随意性,从而起到指导教学、控制教学的作用。
    2、分层训练的过程
    由于学生在平时的学习中不可避免地存在着好、中、差的层次,作为教师在平时的教学中可以要求他们掌握知识的程度各不相同,因此教师的每一节课都要针对不同的学生,确定不同的教学目标。
    3、分级训练目标评价表[3]
类 别 级 别 所听遍数 预期达到的目标
差 生 同—听力题 3 遍 识 记
中等生 同—听力题 2 遍 正确理解
优 生 同—听力题 2 遍 运用自如
    三、分类辅导
    分类辅导就是根据学生的学习基础,能力、爱好,智力因素,将学生合理地进行分类,实施不同层次地进行辅导,这也是因材施教原则的另一种具体体现。
    1、同一题型,针对不同学生进行辅导训练。
    同样一个题,针对不同层次的学生来说,他们感觉到的难易程度各不相同,如果老师在训练听力时,不以具体情况作具体分析,搞“齐步走”,“一刀切”,势必会加剧两级分化,导致学生在七年级时学习启蒙英语时就厌学,失去学英语的兴趣。俗话说“兴趣是最好的老师”,如果失去兴趣,听力训练也就达不到预期的目的。
    如:When someone says to you,“You speak English well.”you should say 。
    A. “The same to you.”
    B. “Thank you”
    C. “Don’t say so.”
    我们要求差生能抓住所缺部分的录音即可,要求中等生准确地选出答案,而要求优生能听清全句中的每一个词,并能掌握三个选项各自的用法。
    2、针对同一个学生,不同的题型进行辅导的内容不一样。
    由于学生知识上的局限性,同一学生对不同题型的掌握上存在着差异,因此教师在放录音时,要给每一题的特点加以分析、指导,帮助学生找出每类题的特点。
    四、实际效果
    由于我们实施了以上的三步听力教学的原则,采取了上述训练方法进行听力训练,实验班的同学们的听力根据我们所做的个人档案上记录材料显示,明显地比对照班的学生听力水平高得多,下面是实验班和对照班在上学期期末及下学期期中考试中听力成绩的比较。
考试类型 班级 试题来源 平均分 及格率 高分率
七年级上学期期末考试 实验班 市教研室 28.38 96.15% 78.23%
对照班 22.61 78.18% 23.65%
七年级下学期期中考试 实验班 教育部基础教育课程教材发展中心基础教育英语教学评价试验项目 27.16 90.73% 77.54%
对照班 23.82 76.92% 25.96%
    (注:听力总分满分30分)
    五、教学启示
    1.在英语学习的过程中,听、说、读、写是相辅相存的 Four skills必须全面提高,要想提高学生的能力,首先教师必须具备这些能力,所以这对于我们教师就提出了新的要求,尤其是我们实验班的教师更是如此。
    2.以上的三个教学实验原则,有一个共同点,那就是重视学生兴趣及积极性的培养,做到了教学目的明确,有的放矢,是真正的“培优辅差”的过程,在教学的过程中学生不仅提高了听力水平,其它的读、说、写的能力也普遍提高,学生厌学英语的局面彻底得到扭转。
    3.教学实践过程,是一个不断探索的过程,需要理论与实践相结合,也需要我们实验班的教师悉心钻研,不断积累经验,这样才能使我们的这项实验不断改进和完善,学生才能真正做到学以致用,为日后的交际打下坚实的基础!
    参考文献
    [1]、[2]、[3]均摘自缪伟《中学英语教学参考》,西安市南郊陕西师范大学校内,陕西师范大学杂志社,1994年第4期。
二〇〇五年十月十八日

Junior English For China Book 2B

unit 25 The accident
Lesson 98
By Xia Juan Huarong Middle school in Ezhou, Hubei Province.

    I. Teaching contents
    Lesson 98 is the second lesson of unit 25 of Book 2B.
    Part 1 lets the students have a pre-reading for the passage in Part 2 by discussing the questions given.
    The passage in Part 2 describes a traffic accident. It shows the spirit of helping others. This passage reviews the past continuous tense.
    II. Teaching aims
    1. The aims of knowledge.
    Learn some information about an accident. Grasp the past continuous tense and the use of when and while.
    2. The aims of ability.
    Train and develop the students’ the reading skills by naming how to skim for the main idea.
    3. The aims of moral.
    Teaching students the importances of obeying the traffic rules.
    Teaching students to do something or not to do something when they are crossing the road, Teaching students to love their own lives, And teaching students to help the people in trouble.
    III. Teaching main and difficult points.
    1. Know something about traffic rules. Know how to protect themselves when they are crossing the road. Know how to telephone the police when they have an accident.
    2. The past continuous tense and the use of when and while.
    For example: While we were talking, the teacher came in.
    We are watching TV when my father came in.
    3. Train the students reading skills.
    IV. Teaching methods.
    Task-based activities.
    V. Teaching aids.
    A computer, a tape recorder, seven pictures, some prizes, a paper for formative assessment.
    VI. Teaching period.
    One period(45 minutes)
    VII. Teaching steps.
    Step 1: Revision(5 minutes)
    1. Check the students learning condition for this lesson by using a paper for formative assessment . (见附表1) While the students do it, the teacher walks around and helps the students who have difficulties. If the students do well, the teacher will speak highly of them, (In this way, make the students develop the ability to learn by themselves and develop the spirit of helping others.)
    2. Get the students to ask and answer the questions such as:
    ①What can we go from one place to another?
    ②Which is quicker, traveling by bike or by motorbike?
    ③Which is safer, travelling by motorbike or by bus?
    Step 2: Lead-in(4 minutes)
    Show some pictures and traffic accident and let the students talk about the questions: What do you know from the pictures? And get the students to talk about the text.
    Step 3: Presentation(6 minutes)
    Show some pictures about the traffic accident by using a computer.(These pictures may make the students love their own lives. They may learn how to protect themselves when they are crossing the road). Then divide the class into small groups. Have them discuss the pre-reading questions in part 1.(In this way, the teacher can know what the students have known, lead the students to foreknow the content of the text and make them grasp new knowledge better.)
    Step 4. Reading.(20 minutes)
    Part 2.
    1. Fast-reading
    First have the students read this passage quickly and skim for the main idea.(A traffic accident). Perhaps half of the students can tell the main idea. The teacher will give them prizes by saying, “Well done!” “You are great!” “Very good.” Help those who are in trouble, Then write the main idea on the Bb.(In this way, cultivate the students ability to absorb language information, the abillty to analyse and solve problems).
    2. Focus-reading
    (1) Have the students read the passage silently and write down the things that the teacher and students have done on paper.(见附表2). After 5 minutes, in pairs talks about their answers and check each other’s. Then give the answers on the screen.
    (2) Play the tape and have the students listen and repeat.
    (3)Do the Exercise 1 on page 122 in wb. Then check their answers.
    (In this wary, train the students reading skills and comprehension ability).
    (4)Teach the new words and expressions:Cause,suddenly,luckily gatekeeper.mention,crowd, by retelling the passage using the new words and expressions, write them on the Bb.
    (5)Read the text after the teacher, then read to each other, choose several students to read the passage aloud. When they do it well, they get prizes from the teacher, Help with intonation and pronunciation.
    Step5: Practice(5 minutes).
    Give the students a few minutes to practice retelling the passage with the help of the key words on the Bb, Then ask two students to retell it and give them prizes. Then let the whole class retell the passage with the teacher. (By retelling Exercise 1, make sure the students understand the passage, and train their speaking skill).
    Step6: Discuss(3 minutes).
    What lesson can we learn from the story? How can we avoid the traffic accident? If we see or have an accident, how can we telephone “the First Aid Centre”? What’s the First Aid Centre telephone number? (By discussing; the Ss can improve speaking skill).
    Step7: Consolidation(2 minutes)
    Let the Ss answer the self-assessment paper(见附表3)(In this way, the teacher can know the result of this class. And it can help the teacher make the plan for the next class).
    Homework:
    1、Do wb Exercise 2 of lesson98.
    2、Make 5 sentences with when, while.
    3、Write a passage to describe this traffic accident.
    (Do the exercises to train the students’ writing skill and develop their ability to use the English language nimbly)

板 书 设 计

Lesson 98, The ninety-eighth lesson.

The main idea: The students helped save a man who was hurt.New words and expressions:
Cause, suddenly. luckily, gatekeeper. mention. crowd.The First Aid Centre.120.
附表一
课 前 评 价 表

一、检查可以在本课应用的知识

1、你住在城里,那么你见过哪些交通工具?

2、你知道马路上发生的交通事故可能是由于什么原因所造成的?

3、在当今高科技信息时代,生活在都市里的人们通常怎样上班或上学?

4、你了解中国人行车都左边还是右边?

5、请你在2分钟想出至少5句用过去进行时的句子(由你的搭档在这里做记录)。

二、检查本课需要运用的语言技能和学习技能。

1、你在阅读课文的过程中会注意什么?(可选多项)

A、课文对应的汉语意思是什么?

B、你是否注意到课文中出现的新单词、词组和语法现象?

C、哪些是学习的重点和难点?

D、作者为什么写这篇课文?

E、作者主要表达了什么意思?

F、各个意思之间是什么关系?

G、你对文章的看法是什么?

2、你是否有遵守交通法规的好习惯?

3、你在不断地改进你的学习方法吗?

附表二

课 堂 任 务

Write down the things that the teacher and the students have done in this accident.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

附表三
课后自我评价

编号

评 价 项 目

具 体 情 况

1

你是否在课前检查了语言知识的掌握情况?

   

A、迅速掌握 B、基本掌握 C、少量掌握

2

你是否积极响应了老师的提问与指令?

   

A、很积极 B、比较积极 C、不积极

3

你在课堂上是否积极地参加了小组讨论?

   

A、很积极 B、比较积极 C、不积极

4

你在讨论中是否用英语进行了连贯的交谈?

   

A、很流利 B、比较流利 C、不流利

5

你是否注意抓住了读的材料的主要内容。

   

A、很注意 B、不注意 C、不太注意

A、5分 B、3—4分 C、1—2分

看一看你的学习效果怎么样?

你进步了吗?

得分:

湖北省鄂州市华容中学 夏娟 
二 OO五年十月十八日    
 
 
 

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